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Réforme de la carte judiciaire ou l’éloignement de la justice du justiciable

Notre contributrice, magistrate depuis 2021, a pu constater un éloignement croissant de l’exercice de la justice par rapport à ceux qu’elle est supposée servir.

Les exemples de cet éloignement de la justice du justiciable sont nombreux. Ceux qui viennent le plus simplement à l’esprit sont sans doute la construction de nouveaux palais de justice, à l’instar de celui abritant le tribunal judiciaire de Paris, où les bureaux des magistrats sont devenus inaccessibles aux justiciables voire même aux avocats. Plus encore, les juges ne tiennent plus de simples auditions dans leur bureau mais dans des salles dédiées situées au rez-de-chaussée du palais, renforçant une spécialisation de la justice qui rend opaque leur travail. Mais l’éloignement s’opère aussi par les choix de localisation des auditeurs de justice (autrement dit les futurs magistrats) qui privilégient les tribunaux des métropoles aux petites ou moyennes juridictions[1].

Toutefois, la meilleure illustration de cette distance instaurée entre la justice et le justiciable est la réforme de la carte judiciaire. Aussi jusqu’en 2009, 1200 juridictions environ existaient sur le territoire français réparties selon une carte judiciaire datant de 1958. L’espoir de réaliser des économies d’échelle associé à la volonté de renforcer l’efficacité de la justice ont fait naître une réflexion sur la réforme de la carte judiciaire, au détriment du justiciable.

Ainsi, après la remise de nombreux rapports sur cette question, une réforme d’ampleur initiée en 2007 a-t-elle conduit à regrouper les juridictions à l’échelle départementale et régionales. Par la suite, les décrets des 15 février et 29 mai 2008 ont modifié en conséquence les ressorts et les sièges des tribunaux d’instance, des tribunaux de grande instance, des tribunaux de commerce et des conseils de prud’hommes conduisant à la suppression de 400 juridictions et la création d’une dizaine d’entre elles. Ainsi, 21 tribunaux de grande instance ont été supprimés outre 178 tribunaux d’instance alors qu’ils sont l’incarnation par essence de la justice de proximité.

Si, selon le rapport annuel de la Cour des Comptes en 2015, la réforme de la carte judiciaire a permis d’atteindre les objectifs visés de rationalisation (gestion immobilière et répartition des ressources humaines) sans dégrader la qualité du service rendu[2], un rapport du Sénat en 2012 a pourtant mis en évidence que, cette réforme a eu des conséquences négatives pour les justiciables – notamment les plus fragiles – du fait de l’éloignement des juridictions et de l’accroissement des délais de traitement[3]. Il en ressort ainsi que, sur plus de 100 km, un territoire pourtant non dépeuplé est privé de toute juridiction. En Bretagne, par exemple, les tribunaux d’instance de Loudéac, Plontivy et Ploërmel ont été supprimés de sorte que la Bretagne intérieure a été privée de toute implantation judiciaire sur une bande de territoire de plus de 100 km nord-sud et de 150 km sud-ouest. De même, en Auvergne, pour toute une zone qui s’étend de Clermont-Ferrand au Puy-en-Velay, les suppressions des tribunaux d’instance d’Issoire, d’Ambert et de Brioude privent le sud du Puy-de-Dôme et le nord de la Haute-Loire de toute présence judiciaire.

A cet éloignement des juridictions s’ajoute une précarisation de la justice. Mon expérience au tribunal judiciaire de Beauvais en qualité de juge des contentieux de la protection m’a fait constater la volonté de privilégier le recrutement de vacataires plutôt que de greffiers. Le manque de magistrats tente d’être pallié par le recrutement d’assistants de justice ou de juriste-assistants en contrats précaires, les assistants de justice travaillant deux jours par semaine pour un salaire d’environ 500 euros, souvent pour financer leurs études, et les juriste-assistants exerçant dans le cadre de contrats à durée déterminée de trois ans et devant systématiquement négocier leur salaire[4].

Il ne reste qu’à espérer que le recrutement plus important de magistrats grâce à la loi d’orientation et de programmation pour la justice 2023-2027 permettra de nouveau de combler les attentes des justiciables en réduisant les délais de traitement, à défaut de pouvoir réduire les trajets vers les juridictions des justiciables vivant en campagne.

                                                                                                            Magistrate et adhérente de « Souverains Demain ! »


[1]Sur la liste de postes proposés aux auditeurs de justice de la promotion 2022, 90 postes sur 242 étaient proposés dans des juridictions de groupe 1 et 2 soit les plus importantes. En raison de l’organisation des jeux olympiques de Paris, sur la liste de postes proposés aux auditeurs de justice de la promotion 2021, 152 postes sur 333 étaient proposés dans des juridictions  de ces deux groupes.

[2]Rapport public annuel du 11 février 2015, Tome I – La réforme de la carte judiciaire : une réorganisation à poursuivre

[3]     Rapport d’information n° 662 (2011-2012), déposé le 11 juillet 2012

[4]En 2021, quatre magistrats et deux magistrats à titre temporaire composaient le pôle de la protection et de la proximité où j’exerce mes fonctions. En 2023 et en 2024, seuls deux magistrats le constituent. 

201 réponses sur « Réforme de la carte judiciaire ou l’éloignement de la justice du justiciable »

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Research have shown that creatine monohydrate, in particular, can considerably enhance muscle mass,
energy, and energy output. Pure creatine monohydrate is renowned for its high purity and efficacy as a dietary
complement. It is essentially the most extensively researched and trusted type of creatine available
on the market.
At the end of the examine, to test the efficacy of the blinding
design, volunteers had been asked about which arm of the examine they had obtained the creatine complement
in. Only 5 out of the 14 volunteers correctly answered
once they ingested creatine. In South Korea, the category of dietary dietary supplements was established via legislation in 2004 and is regulated by the
Korean Meals and Drug Administration (KFDA) (Shimizu 2008).
New components must be permitted by KFDA and are required to have sufficient toxicological and human scientific trial information supporting
the protection and efficacy of the recommended day by day dosage.

An utility for registration of CM was filed with the KFDA in 2005
and was approved to be used in dietary supplements in 2008, together with an accompanying well
being claim (KFDA 2009).
There is far proof indicating that creatine supplementation can enhance
athletic performance and cellular bioenergetics. As An Alternative,
a relative amount must be used, primarily based on both total body mass or fats free mass that yields approximately
20 g/day (e.g. zero.3 g/kg/day for a 70 kg individual). This relative dosing regimen relies on the premise that
creatine uptake will most probably differ
with reference to variations in muscle mass.

National Library of Drugs reveals that after creatinol-O-phosphate has
been used by the cells, it leaves the physique through urination. If you cease taking creatine, don’t fret, there isn’t
a dramatic withdrawal impact. Your physique will just naturally return to its baseline creatine levels over time.
Since it’s more soluble, the HCL form is also much less prone to cause bloating or water retention, which is often a vital factor if you’re making
an attempt to keep away from that « puffy » look.
Kaged Muscle is all about science-driven, performance-enhancing dietary supplements,
and their creatine HCL product is a testament
to that.
Bemben et al [24] have proven no extra benefits of creatine
alone or mixed with whey protein for bettering power and muscle
mass after a progressive 14 weeks (3 days per week) resistance coaching program in older men.
These conflicting outcomes may be explained by the possibility that the supplemented
groups were formed by a larger quantity of non-responders or even as a result of creatine
supplementation was administered on the coaching days solely (3
instances a week). This technique has not been adequately tested as effective in center aged and older males for sustaining
submit loading elevated creatine stores [5].
Creatine (N-aminoiminomethyl-N-methyl glycine) is
a naturally occurring and nitrogen-containing compound comprised from amino acids that is categorised inside the household of
guanidine phosphagens [1,33]. Creatine is synthesized endogenously
from arginine and glycine by arginine glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) to guanidinoacetate (GAA).

The American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American Faculty of
Sports Medication have come to similar conclusions in their position stands [129,130].
Thus, there is a robust scientific consensus that creatine
supplementation is an efficient ergogenic nutrient for
athletes in addition to individuals beginning a well being and fitness
program. Jager et al [60] observed 1.17 and 1.29 greater peak plasma creatine focus 1 hour after ingesting creatine pyruvate compared to isomolar
quantity of CM and creatine citrate respectively.
Nonetheless time to peak focus, and velocity constants of absorption and
elimination, was the same for all three forms of creatine.
Although not measured on this examine it’s questionable that these small variations
in plasma creatine concentrations would have any impact on the increase of muscle creatine uptake.
Jäger et al [61] investigated the consequences of
28-days of creatine pyruvate and citrate supplementation on endurance
capacity and power measured throughout an intermittent handgrip (15 s effort per 45s rest) exercise in wholesome younger athletes.
The authors used a daily dose protocol with the intention to
slowly saturate muscle creatine stores.
Taking greater than 10 g of creatine every day could trigger gastrointestinal (GI) circumstances like diarrhea.
Height and weight had been recorded to the closest 0.02 kg
and zero.01 cm, respectively, using a self-calibrating
digital scale (Cardinal Detecto Scale Model 8430, Webb Metropolis, Missouri).

Body composition was decided using a Hologic Discovery W QDR
collection DEXA system (Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA) equipped with
APEX software program (APEX Company Software Program model 12.1, Pittsburgh,
PA). Quality control calibration procedures were performed on a backbone phantom (Hologic-X-CLAIBER Mannequin DPA/QDR-1 anthropometric backbone phantom) and a density step calibration phantom prior to
each testing session. DEXA has been validated as an correct technique for physique
composition evaluation [40].
This ultimately makes several manufacturers
offer the complement, which raises competition. Due to excessive demand in the market, creatine
monohydrate is commonly extra reasonably priced. Since creatine monohydrate has been broadly used for decades and is mass-produced, making it accessible to a broad range of consumers.
When choosing between Creatine Nitrate and Creatine Monohydrate primarily based on their
formulations, it’s essential to contemplate factors such as
purity, solubility, and potential components. Moreover, the responses to the supplementation of each within the body may be
completely different for individuals.
All the creatine our our bodies make or we devour then turns into creatine phosphate in the body,
which then helps create a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which offers the power for muscle contractions.
Whereas creatine is a properly known and efficient complement for enhancing muscle energy and efficiency, should
you’re seeking to actually maximize each physical and psychological efficiency, Performance Lab® Pre Lab Pro® is creatine’s excellent partner.
Thus, having extra creatine in your muscle cells will result in more ATP
being produced, which comes in significantly helpful throughout high-intensity activity.
Via this process, creatine can then donate the PCr molecule, which causes
a chemical reaction and creates ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
This compound is then utilized by muscle cells for rapid power use
and muscle contraction. Outcomes may vary depending on particular person components corresponding to food regimen, exercise routine, and total
well being.
Efficiency in dash biking is influenced by varied components, including the maximal glycolytic
fee of muscle cells liable for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) required for muscle contraction [1,2].
Immediately assessing the maximal glycolytic price
in energetic muscles during sprint cycling is currently unfeasible.
As An Alternative, resting and peak post-exercise capillary blood lactate ranges, measured after a 15-s sprint, serve as indirect proxy of this price [[3],
[4], [5], [6]].
Since creatine is mostly found in animal protein, vegetarians and
vegans can devour a mix of foods that present them with the
amino acids required to spice up their pure production of creatine.
People who work out, athletes, weight lifters, people who
find themselves into sports, want extra creatine to achieve strength, size, and
muscle. He enjoys sharing his knowledge and experiences on varied subjects
similar to CrossFit, workouts, muscle-building, and HIIT exercises by way of his writing.

All The Time drink plenty of water whereas supplementing with
this or any product to avoid dehydration. Creatinol-O-phosphate (COP) is a synthetic compound that goes by the scientific
name N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate.

Regardless Of its correlation to creatine, it has
totally totally different makes use of and results.
If you wish to keep away from any risk of short-term
bloating and prefer a extra concentrated type, creatine
hydrochloridemight just be the game-changer you’ve been waiting for.
Plus, with smaller dosages and sooner absorption, it’s a winner for customers who
like a extra streamlined strategy to their fitness routine.
Just keep in mind to comply with the recommended dosages and ALWAYS check
with a healthcare professional if you’re unsure about combining dietary supplements.

But first, it’s a compound that mixes creatine with one molecule of water, hence
the name « monohydrate. » Creatine itself is a naturally occurring substance present
in muscle cells, which helps produce power during high-intensity exercise or heavy
lifting. At its core, creatine will increase the supply of creatine phosphate in your muscle cells.
This molecule is a key participant in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is also known as the « vitality forex »
of the cell (Wu, S et al., 2022). Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate group to the depleted ADP (adenosine diphosphate), regenerating it back into ATP.
This course of boosts your capability to carry out at maximum depth for a longer time frame.
Creatine phosphate, also called phosphocreatine, is a
naturally occurring substance within our muscle cells.
You should seek the advice of with a medical skilled before adopting
the supplement to reach your fitness objectives. In terms of the extraordinarily positive suggestions that creatine HCL has acquired from health specialists and the
research demonstrating higher absorption, the efficiency benefits have been demonstrated
on an anecdotal basis. Creatine HCL hasn’t
been studied as extensively as creatine monohydrate, but it’s reasonable to imagine they yield
the same benefits because each encompass creatine molecules.
Not Like creatine monohydrate, creatine HCL has been obtainable on the market for a far shorter time.

Due To This Fact, there’s substantially less research obtainable, and any claims
made about its advantages will largely be related to research on monohydrate and should not be considered scientific truth.
Furthermore, the better absorption price allows you to ingest smaller doses of creatine HCL than what’s required for creatine monohydrate.

The researchers concluded that creatine represents a helpful
active ingredient for topical use in the prevention and remedy of human skin getting older.
Research has persistently shown that creatine monohydrate supplementation will increase muscle creatine and phosphocreatine ranges
by a big amount, thus enhancing anaerobic coaching capacity and rising coaching quantity.
While both forms of creatine claim to help muscle function, solely creatine monohydrate
has the clinical research to back it up. This is why
it’s sometimes called the gold commonplace of creatine supplementation. The advantages of creatine—specifically, creatine monohydrate—have been extensively studied and supported by
a growing body of scientific research. Peer-reviewed research have demonstrated its positive impression on physical efficiency, lean muscle mass improvement, energy,
power, and cognitive function.
Using this, research was capable of prove mitochondrial dysfunction in sufferers with bipolar problems.
These patients additionally suffered from an impaired vitality manufacturing [122], increased levels of
lactate (hyperacidotic state) [123] and PCr concentration [114,124,125].
Subsequently, it was assumed that creatine supplementation could improve clinical outcome in circumstances
of mitochondrial dysfunction.
In topics with BD who have been handled with lithium, [PCr] fell after photic stimulation (a methodology of increasing visible cortex activity) in subjects who didn’t reply to lithium however remained stable in lithium-responsive topics and controls [161].
This suggested that topics with BD have a deficit in PCr synthesis that is ameliorated by lithium.
In an identical examine [163], however, [PCr] fell in response to photic stimulation in controls, however not in bipolar subjects, despite the fact that
PCr/ATP ratios were lowered in BD, and [ATP] fell in BD
in response to photic stimulation. A examine using magnetization transfer to
estimate the speed fixed for the creatine kinase reaction in BD discovered that
it did not differ considerably between euthymic or depressed bipolar subjects and
controls [162]. In distinction, topics with a primary episode of bipolar despair (BD) or mania and psychotic features exhibited a 13% discount
within the rate fixed for the creatine kinase reaction [159].
The distinction between these studies could
additionally be as a outcome of absence of psychosis among the many topics in the first study or, once
more, to the difference in mood states, as many of the topics within the second study have been manic.

Creatine was in a place to shield animal mind tissues from
the apoptotic results of excitatory amino acids [213,214].
Lastly, it was shown that Creatine stabilizes mPTP in rodent
studies, thus protecting brain tissue from apoptosis and cell
death [67]. Table 5 presents a summary of the extent of evidence associated to creatine supplementation for traumatic and ischemic CNS injuries [205,206,207].
These authors reported an increase of ≈9% in MAOD and
≈8% in time-to-exhaustion following supplementation. However, though
it is a well-accepted measure of AC, MAOD does not allow for
the isolated estimation of ePCr and has poor reliability (i.e., excessive limits of agreement).

Subsequent, let’s examine monohydrate and Kre-Alkalyn creatine in phrases of powerlifting, vitality degree, endurance degree, and maximum power consumption during exercise.
Nevertheless, creatine monohydrate is made using conventional acidification; this causes the formation of creatinine that will end in bloating,
abdomen misery, and cramps. Buffered creatine is a
patented form of creatine that does not convert to creatinine, making it probably the most potent type of
creatine obtainable.
Entire body creatine retention was estimated
by subtracting whole urinary creatine excretion from complete
supplemental creatine intake over the 3-day period. Outcomes revealed that entire physique creatine retention over the 3-day loading period was significantly greater within the low-dose d-Pinitol group compared
to the group ingesting CM alone. Nonetheless, no variations had been seen between CM alone and CM with the upper dose of d-Pinitol
(Fig. 12). The rationale for creatine supplementation during pregnancy is
that the fetus relies upon placental transfer of maternal creatine until
late in pregnancy, and significant changes in creatine synthesis and excretion occur as pregnancy progresses [7,280].

Consequently, there might be an increased demand for and utilization of creatine during pregnancy.

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